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This established a definitional profile for each classification, which was then used to automati- cally classify further senses.

Ifinger Oxford Dictionary Of English Download Citation Copy

January 2003 Source DBLP Authors: James McCracken Adam Kilgarriff Lexical Computing Ltd Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download full-text PDF Read full-text Download citation Copy link Link copied Read full-text Download citation Copy link Link copied Citations (1) References (2) Discover the worlds research 20 million members 135 million publications 700k research projects Join for free Public Full-text 1 Content uploaded by Adam Kilgarriff Author content All content in this area was uploaded by Adam Kilgarriff Content may be subject to copyright.

It consid- ers some of the issues involved in deriving formal lexi- cal data from a natural-language dictionary.

Introduction The goal of the project is to enhance the database of the Oxford Dictionary of English (a forthcoming new edition of the 1998 New Oxford Dictionary of English) so that it contains not only the original dictionary content but also additional sets of data formalizing, codifying, and supplementing this content.

This will allow the dictionary to be ex- ploited effectively as a resource for computational applications.

Hence its coverage is very extensive, and definitional detail is very rich.

By the same token, however, a certain level of knowledge is assumed on the part of the reader, so not every- thing is spelled out explicitly.

For example, ODE frequently omits morphology and variation which is either regular or inferable from related words.

Such features make the ODE content rela- tively difficult to convert into comprehensive and formalized data.

Nevertheless, the richness of the ODE text, particularly in the frequent use of exam- ple sentences, provides a wealth of cues and clues which can help to control the generation of more formal lexical data.

A basic principle of this work is that the en- hanced data should always be predicated on the original dictionary content, and not the other way round.

There has been no attempt to alter the origi- nal content in order to facilitate the generation of formal data.

The enhanced data is intended primar- ily to constitute a formalism which closely reflects, summarizes, or extrapolates from the existing dic- tionary content.

The following sections list some of the data types that are currently in progress: 2 Morphology A fundamental building block for formal lexical data is the creation of a complete morphological formalism (verb inflections, noun plurals, etc.) covering all lemmas (headwords, derivatives, and compounds) and their variant forms, and encoding relationships between them.

The original intention was to generate a morpho- logical formalism which reflected whatever was stated or implied by the original dictionary content.

Hence pre-existing morphological lexicons were not used except when an ambiguous case needed to be resolved.

As far as possible, issues relating to the morphology of a word were to be handled by collecting evidence internal to its dictionary entry.

However, it became apparent that there were some key areas where this approach would fall short.

For example, there are often no conclusive indicators as to whether or not a noun may be plu- 123.

In such cases, any available clues are collected from the entry but are then weighted by testing possible forms against a corpus.

Idioms and other phrases Phrases and phrasal verbs are generally lemma- tized in an idealized form which may not repre- sent actual occurrences.

Ifinger Oxford Dictionary Of English Series Of Strings

Variation and alternative wording is embedded parenthetically in the lemma: (as) nice (or sweet) as pie Objects, pronouns, etc., which may form part of the phrase are indicated in the lemma by words such as someone, something, one: twist (or wind or wrap) someone around ones little finger In order to be able to match such phrases to real- world occurrences, each dictionary lemma was extended as a series of strings which enumerate each possible variant and codify how pronouns, noun phrases, etc., may be interpolated.

Each oc- currence of a verb in these strings is linked to the morphological data in the verbs own entry, to en- sure that inflected forms of a phrase (e.g.

Semantic classification We are seeking to classify all noun senses in the dictionary according to a semantic taxonomy, loosely inspired by the Princeton WordNet project.

Initially, a relatively small number of senses were classified manually.

Statistical data was then gen- erated by examining the definitions of these senses.

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